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A voluntary group or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization, unincorporated association, common-interest association,〔Prins HEL et al. (2010). (Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge ). Cengage Learning.〕 or just an association) is a group of individuals who enter into an agreement as volunteers to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose.〔(Definition )〕 Common examples include trade associations, trade unions, learned societies and professional associations, environmental groups, and various other types of groups. Membership is not necessarily voluntary, as it may be effectively required in order to work, which has led to a preference for the term common-interest association to describe groups which form out of a common interest.〔 Associations may also be incorporated rather than unincorporated; for example, in the United States associations gained additional powers by incorporating.〔Bradburn B. (2009). The Citizenship Revolution: Politics and the Creation of the American Union, 1774-1804, (p217 ). University of Virginia Press.〕 Strictly speaking, in many jurisdictions no formalities are necessary to start an association. In some jurisdictions, there is a minimum for the number of persons starting an association. Some jurisdictions require that the association register with the police or other official body to inform the public of the association's existence. This could be a tool of political control, and also a way of protecting the economy from fraud. In many such jurisdictions, only a registered association is a juristic person whose membership is not responsible for the financial acts of the association. Any group of persons may, of course, work as an association but in such case, the persons making a transaction in the name of the association all take responsibility for it. == History == Voluntary groups are a broad and original form of nonprofit organizations, and have existed since ancient history. In Ancient Greece, for example, there were various organizations ranging from elite clubs of wealthy men (''hetaireiai'')〔(Politics on the Margins: The Athenian "Hetaireiai" in 415 B.C. ). ''Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte''.〕 to private religious or professional associations.〔Ascough, Richard S. "(Greco-Roman Philosophic, Religious, and Voluntary Associations )". In Community Formation in the Early Church and the Church Today. Edited by Richard N. Longenecker, 3–24. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002〕 In preindustrial societies, governmental administrative duties were often handled by voluntary associations such as guilds. In medieval Europe, guilds often controlled towns.〔Kohn M. (2003). (Merchant Associations in Pre-Industrial Europe ). Ch. 16 in (The Origins of Western Economic Success: Commerce, Finance, and Government in Preindustrial Europe ).〕 Merchant guilds enforced contracts through embargoes and sanctions on their members, and also adjudicated disputes.〔(1990). The role of institutions in the revival of trade: The law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs. (The role of institutions in the revival of trade: The law merchant, private judges, and the champagne fairs ). ''Economics & Politics''.〕 However, by the 1800s, merchant guilds had largely disappeared.〔 published in ''Reviews in History''.〕 In the United Kingdom, craft guilds were more successful than merchant guilds〔Starr M. (1919). (A Worker Looks At History, Ch. 7: The Guilds ). Plebs League. (Google Books entry ).〕 and formed livery companies which exerted significant influence on society.〔(History of London The Guilds and Livery Companies ). History.co.uk.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「voluntary association」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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